The Federalist Papers by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay Essay Example

The Federalist Papers by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay Essay Example The Federalist Papers by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay Essay The Federalist Papers by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay Essay Essay Topic: Hamilton Between October 1787 and August 1788, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote and submitted eighty-five seemingly persuasive essays to various New York newspapers.Their essential goal was to convince the people of New York to support the new Constitution that was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787.If they could not sway the people of New York the new country would have been split in half therefore welcoming tension between the two sides as well as foreign invaders. Their success resulted in the uniting of a single power under which we still stand today. The authors were all but subtle in the introduction of the essays.They put the fate of the new Constitution in the hands of one of the bigger, more populous states as well as one of the three most important states.They sought federalism, the mixture of unitary and confederate governments, thus granting the states local power, but also a strong centralized power.They believed that between individual freedom and social order and between a tyrannical government and a government too weak to be effective was a middle ground in which the new Constitution would settle.(Gilbert-Rolfe, 1). The Federalist Papers are probably the most important documentation of the road traveled to the ratification of the new Constitution. This is in fact where we originated as a country. They play such an important role in American history, without them there may well have not been a United States. In America: Past and Present, Divine, one author, points out some of the more important papers written.In paper no. 10, Madisonsfirst contribution, he states the problem with the influence of factions or political groups, which is especially relevant to political problems faced today. (Gilbert-Rolfe, 10).He believes the new Constitution will solve this problem and that is another reason to vote for it.Today in America we have the same prob

Biography of Victoria Woodhull, Womens Rights Activist

Biography of Victoria Woodhull, Women's Rights Activist Victoria Woodhull (born Victoria Claflin; September 23, 1838–June 9, 1927) was a womens rights activist, stockbroker, and newspaper editor. She ran for president of the United States in 1872. Woodhull was also involved in the spiritualist movement, and for a time she made her living as a healer. Fast Facts: Victoria Woodhull Known For:  Candidacy for U.S. President; radicalism as a womens suffrage activist; role in a sex scandal involving Henry Ward BeecherAlso Known As:  Victoria California Claflin, Victoria Woodhull Martin, Wicked Woodhull, Mrs. SatanBorn:  September 23, 1838 in Homer, OhioParents: Roxanna Claflin and Reuben Buck ClaflinDied:  June 9, 1927 in Bredon’s Norton,  Worcestershire, EnglandSpouse(s): Canning Woodhull, Colonel James Harvey Blood, John Biddulph MartinChildren: Byron Woodhull, Zulu (later Zula), Maude WoodhullNotable Quote: Of all the horrid brutalities of our age, I know of none so horrid as those that are sanctioned and defended by marriage. Early Life Victoria Claflin was born into the poor and eccentric family of Roxanna and Reuben Buck Claflin as the seventh of 10 children on September 23, 1838. Her mother often attended religious revivals and believed herself to be clairvoyant. The family traveled around selling patent medicines and telling fortunes, with the father styling himself Dr. R. B. Claflin, American King of Cancers. Victoria spent her childhood with this medicine show, often paired with her younger sister Tennessee in performing and telling fortunes. First Marriage Victoria met Canning Woodhull when she was 15 and they soon married. Canning also styled himself as a physician, at a time when licensing requirements were non-existent or loose. Canning Woodhull, like Victorias father, sold patent medicines. They had a son Byron, who was born with serious intellectual disabilities, which Victoria blamed on her husbands drinking. Victoria moved to San Francisco and worked as an actress and cigar girl. She later rejoined her husband in New York City, where the rest of the Claflin family was living, and Victoria and her sister Tennessee began practicing as mediums. In 1864, the Woodhulls and Tennessee moved to Cincinnati, then to Chicago, and then began traveling, keeping ahead of complaints and legal proceedings. Victoria and Canning later had a second child, a daughter Zulu (later known as Zula). Over time, Victoria grew less tolerant of her husbands drinking, womanizing, and occasional beatings. They divorced in 1864, with Victoria keeping her ex-husbands surname. Spiritualism and Free Love Likely during her troubled first marriage, Victoria Woodhull became an advocate of free love, the idea that a person has the right to stay with a person as long as they choose, and that they can choose another (monogamous) relationship when they want to move on. She met Colonel James Harvey Blood, also a spiritualist and an advocate of free love. They are said to have married in 1866, though there are no records of this marriage. Victoria Woodhull, Captain Blood, Victorias sister Tennessee, and their mother eventually moved to New York City. In New York City, Victoria established a popular salon where many of the citys intellectual elite gathered. There she became acquainted with Stephen Pearl Andrews, an advocate of free love, spiritualism, and womens rights. Congressman Benjamin F. Butler was another acquaintance and advocate of womens rights and free love. Through her salon, Victoria became increasingly interested in womens rights and suffrage. Womens Suffrage Movement In January 1871, the National Woman Suffrage Association met in Washington, D.C. On January 11, Victoria Woodhull arranged to testify before the House Judiciary Committee on the topic of womens suffrage, and the NWSA convention was postponed a day so that those attending could see Woodhull testifying. Her speech was written with Rep. Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts and made the case that women already had the right to vote based on the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The NWSA leadership then invited Woodhull to address their gathering. The leadership of the NWSA- which included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Isabella Beecher Hooker- was so taken with the speech that they began promoting Woodhull as an advocate and speaker for womens suffrage. Theodore Tilton was a supporter and officer of the NWSA and also a close friend of one of Woodhulls critics, Reverend Henry Ward Beecher. Elizabeth Cady Stanton told Victoria Woodhull confidentially that Tiltons wife Elizabeth had been involved in an affair with the Reverend Beecher. When Beecher refused to introduce Woodhull at a November 1871 lecture at Steinway Halls, she visited him privately and reportedly confronted him about his affair. Still, he refused to do the honors at her lecture. In her speech the next day, she referred indirectly to the affair as an example of sexual hypocrisy and double standards. Because of the scandal this caused, Woodhull lost a significant amount of business, though her lectures were still in demand. She and her family had trouble paying their bills,  however, and were eventually evicted from their home. Presidential Candidacy In May 1872, a breakaway group from the NWSA- the National Radical Reformers- nominated Woodhull as a candidate for U.S. president of the Equal Rights Party. They nominated Frederick Douglass, a newspaper editor, former slave, and abolitionist, as vice president. Theres no record that Douglass accepted the nomination. Susan B. Anthony opposed the nomination of Woodhull, while Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Isabella Beecher Hooker supported her run for the presidency. Beecher Scandal Woodhull continued to have significant financial problems, even suspending her journal for a few months. Perhaps responding to continued denunciations of her moral character, on November 2, just before Election Day, Woodhull revealed specifics of the Beecher/Tilton affair in a speech and published an account of the affair in the resumed Weekly. She also published a story about a stockbroker, Luther Challis, and his seduction of young women. Her target was not the morality of the sexual affairs, but the hypocrisy that permitted powerful men to be sexually free while women were denied such freedom. The reaction to the public revelation of the Beecher/Tilton affair was a great public outcry. Woodhull was arrested under the Comstock Law for distribution of obscene material through the mail and charged with libel. In the meantime, the presidential election was held, and Woodhull received no official votes. (Some scattered votes for her were likely not reported.) In 1877, after the scandal had subsided, Tennessee, Victoria, and their mother moved to England, where they lived comfortably. Life in England In England, Woodhull met wealthy banker John Biddulph Martin, who proposed to her. They did not marry until 1882, apparently because of his familys opposition to the match, and she worked to distance herself from her former radical ideas on sex and love. Woodhull used her new married name, Victoria Woodhull Martin, in her writings and public appearances after her marriage. Tennessee married Lord Francis Cook in 1885. Victoria published Stirpiculture, or the Scientific Propagation of the Human Race in 1888; with Tennessee, The Human Body, the Temple of God in 1890; and in 1892, Humanitarian Money: The Unsolved Riddle. Woodhull traveled to the United States occasionally and was nominated in 1892 as the presidential candidate of the Humanitarian Party. England remained her primary residence. In 1895, she returned to publishing with a new paper, The Humanitarian, which advocated eugenics. In this venture, she worked with her daughter Zulu Maude Woodhull. Woodhull also founded a school and an agricultural show and became involved in a number of humanitarian causes. John Martin died in March 1897, and Victoria did not remarry. Death In her later years, Woodhull became involved in the womens suffrage campaigns led by the Pankhursts. She died on June 9, 1927, in England. Legacy Though she was considered controversial in her time, Woodhull has come to be widely admired for her trailblazing efforts to secure rights for women. Two womens rights organizations- the Woodhull Insititute for Ethical Leadership and the Woodhull Sexual Freedom Alliance- were named in her honor, and in 2001 Woodhull was added to the National Womens Hall of Fame. Sources Gabriel, Mary.  Notorious Victoria: The Life of Victoria Woodhull, Uncensored. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1998.Goldsmith, Barbara.  Other Powers: The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull. Granta, 1998.Underhill, Lois Beachy.  The Woman Who Ran for President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull. Penguin, 1996.

High school graduation student commencement speech Essay - 1

High school graduation student commencement speech - Essay Example Does it really matter whether you realized your dream even after sleeping it all? Not at all, do not be caught unawares but go for what you desire. There is nothing more important that planning for the futures’ uncertainty. Time to act is today so act today leap tomorrow. You are the only person you will spend most of your life with, not your spouse or guardian, prepare your joy, hate yourself and you will spend a lifetime with yourself as your own enemy. I will echo what most prominent people have been telling you and again, it is very challenging to remain alive and conscious in the wider world in our daily routines. The most curious and great truth in an individual’s experience is no other but that selflessness becomes the best reward you can grant your personality. Get the full experience and give it your full attention by doing each thing at its own and appropriate time. Note, I am not a prophet but I urge you to desist from distraction from sounds or sights, tasks and thoughts, instead, redirect your consciousness to the initial activity. Your frustrations must always meet the scales of a high threshold, fight on. When you want anything gather determination, don’t stop knocking on all necessary does even way after your knuckles bleed. Let them slam doors in your faces. Keep the smile high above your head. I does not matter where you fell or when but what caused it and how you plan to recover. Stand up shake off that dust and knock once more. That is the only way man will beat the odds in this life. Stay true to your passion and yourself, define your path and avoid those drafted for you by others, it is your life. Action is my word for the day. Choose either to be tagged as circumstance’s passive victim or an active hero to yourself. Had I not shed a tear of joy before I got here this morning, I would shed it again here. It has come the time that I cannot avoid any longer; I am now expected to

Barefoot Running vs Traditional Running, The Pros and Cons Research Paper

Barefoot Running vs Traditional Running, The Pros and Cons - Research Paper Example While some dismiss the growing trend of barefoot running as a mere fad, some believe it will be a new wave in the history of sports. Innumerable debates have ensued in popular media over which one, barefoot running or shod running, is better, more beneficial and safer. However, scientific evidence is not yet enough to settle the debate. A lot of research has gone into analyzing the biomechanics, impact characteristics, etc of traditional and barefoot running and based on the findings of these studies, the pros and cons of both types of running have been weighed. The use of cushioned and protective footwear for running began in the 1970s with the invention of modern running shoes (Lieberman et al. 531). Prior to this invention, humans ran with none or minimal footwear. Human ancestors used simple and minimal foot coverings such as moccasins made of leather (Jenkins and Cauthon 231). Earlier dogmas claim that human feet are â€Å"evolutionarily unsuccessful† and that they are fr agile because of which protective cushioning for the feet is vital (Jenkins and Cauthon 231). However, this dogma was refuted by a study in Nature, which argues that human ancestors, who practiced barefoot running, were remarkably good at endurance running and that it may have been â€Å"instrumental in the evolution of the human body form† (Bramble and Lieberman 345). ... As most of the present research on this subject is yet inconclusive and is still in progress, it cannot be ascertained as to whether barefoot running is better than shod running, but the pros and cons can however be weighed based on currently available evidence. I. Pros of Barefoot Running vs. Traditional Running A. Less susceptibility to injury in barefoot running The surging interest in barefoot running has been largely because the rates of running-related injuries are high amongst shod runners as compared to barefoot runners (Robillard 13; Edwards, Foster and Wallack 150). Kerrigan et al. (2009) have shown that the hip, knee and ankle joints are more prone to injury in shod runners than in barefoot runners, making them more susceptible to disorders such as knee osteoarthritis. In another study, Hamill et al. (2011) found that the footfall patterns in shod running and barefoot running are different, and therefore, the impact patterns of the two types of running vary from one anothe r. The differences in impact patterns are responsible for varying extents of injury caused by both types of running. Robbins and Hanna have also shown that barefoot running populations report an extremely low frequency of running related injury (148). They further state that the human foot has developed adaptations that result in shock absorption and these adaptations are non-functional in traditional running. Many other studies such as those by Warburton have found that barefoot running is associated with a significantly low rate of acute ankle injuries and chronic lower leg injuries. Scientific data as to the level of protection of athletic

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Free essay Essay ‘It may be hard for an egg to turn into a bird: it would be a jolly sight harder for it to learn to fly while remaining an egg. We are like eggs at present. And you cannot go on indefinitely being just an ordinary, decent egg. We must be hatched or go bad.’ C. S. Lewis. Lewis’s hypothetical situation raises questions on how a person, the bird he is metaphorically referring to, must undergo a change to be able to advance through life. The characters in Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet must too experience this change in order to heal wounds and rekindle old relationships. The ways in which stability and change are explored by Winton in the novel that I will be discussing in my essay are, Cloudstreet represents both stability and change in the novel through the house being personified, tension and change are revealed through juxtaposition and resolution between Dolly and Rose, and the relationship between Oriel and Fish explores tension through the innate nature of each character. Before I begin my deconstruction of Cloudstreet I would like to explicitly address the aspects of context, reception, and values behind Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet. Cloudstreet was written while Winton was travelling through Europe away from his home in Perth, and so the novel develops a sense of reminiscence or ‘nostalgia’, as referred to by Michael McGirr, towards Winton’s romanticized home. Cloudstreet was writte n economic hardship and recession as well as a time around Aboriginal rights changing. The context in which the novel was written is important as it is reflected throughout the novel by a nostalgic tone and themes of reconciliation and hardship. Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet was the recipient of the prestigious Miles Franklin Literary Award in 1992, and since has become a well studied Australian novel by schools and scholars such as Michael McGirr and Yvonne Miels. The values explored in Cloudstreet allow the novel to be well received by a wide audience.

Parallel in events of 1692 in Salem and McCarthy Investigation of 1950s in America :: essays research papers

‘The Crucible’ is written about the witchcraft trials in Salem in 1692, it is a story full of many emotional themes, these are fear, redemption, hysteria and a choice between what is believed to be good and bad. In 1692, Puritans in Salem were in a period of suspicion and fear. People were making accusations of people conducting witchcraft due to a group of people seen dancing in the woods, this is seen as worship to the devil. These witch hunts destroyed the innocent and corrupted the accusers, the law made it impossible to find justice. In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy had a frenzied leadership in America. It all started when he claimed that there were many avowed Communist in the American government. There was no proof, but anyone who criticised McCarthy’s claims were accused of being communists themselves, people were claimed to be ’Communist Sympathisers’ and were put on trial and even executed, even those who escaped death or prison were blacklisted and their whole lives were ruined socially and through their careers, this was known as the period of McCarthyism. The events in 1692 and 1950 are very similar because they both involve similar effects upon people. They create fear and redemption, a fight for what is right and what your conscience tells you. In 1692, people were being wrongly accused of witchcraft, they were put on trial and executed, this is exactly the same as the events in 1950, people were being accused of communism, they were also put on trial and executed. In Salem it was due to the girls dancing in the woods and being accused of worshiping the devil, in America in 1950 it was due to the accusations of Senator Joseph McCarthy, which he could not prove. Miller could not criticise Senator McCarthy at the time of his power as the atmosphere at the time was such that he would certainly have been charged as a Communist, so he decided he would write about the Salem witch trials in the 17th century, it shows how the trials in Salem were very similar to the McCarthy period, it was even referred to as a ‘witch hunt’ by critics. In both periods there was a varied atmosphere of fear, redemption, hysteria, terror and shear brutality. But no matter if there were Communists in America in 1950, no matter if there were witches in Salem in the 1600’s, the search for both cause destruction to the lives of the innocent and corruption to the accusers.

George Washington Proclamation Of Neutrality

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality George Washington's decision to announce a policy of neutrality benefited the e nation because it protected them from foreign enemies and it prevented riots and in correction between political parties. The proclamation of neutrality, issued in 1 793, was published to Stay neutral between the French and British during their war and became the foundation f American policy toward Europe until the twentieth century.Both American political parties ink ewe that they were too weak to get involved in a war and too dependent on British trade. They gag reed that the United States could bankrupt the federal government if they entered the con flick. This policy of neutrality prevented the nation from being too attached to another, as stated in Washington's Farewell Address, â€Å"so likewise, a passionate attachment Of one nation for anon her produces a variety of evils. This decision also prevented the United States from creating enemies with the opposin g nation. Washington also wanted to announce a policy of neutrality b teen political parties. He states in the Farewell Address, â€Å"It agitates the community with LIFO ended jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection.It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find s a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another†¦ † This pass age explains how the dispute between the political parties will create riots between the people. Washington's decision to announce a policy of neutrality benefited the nation in numerous ways.

Audrey Hepburn and Personality Theories

Audrey Hepburn and Her Personality Theories Psy/300 Audrey Hepburn and Her Personality Theories Audrey Hepburn was born in 1929 in Brussels Belgium during a time of economic hardship and personal strife. Her life took an amazing twist from her once food deprived, fatherless, war frenzied, childhood and adolescent years by becoming a 20th century icon. She withheld perseverance for life that drove her into the Land of the Free and ironically into the luxurious world of film-making by becoming one of the most wanted actresses in Hollywood.Through her trials, tribulations, heredity and the surrounding environments this paper will explain how they contributed to molding her personality and what made her such a unique individual. Audrey had very little emotional support or family influence as a child. Her father left her, bother and mother when she was six years of age. Her mother was forced to raise two children on her own in a time of war with ample ways in which to concentrate on emoti onal ties or even fundamental ways to nurture the children. Audrey once quoted that after her father left that she was â€Å"devastated and had no one left to cuddle with. (Flonder, 1998) Being that it was such a difficult time in history Audrey and the influences around her where forced to work harder than the average person does in a life time. She was raised morally by her Mother in that they worked hard for what they needed in order to survive. Once the war was over her and her family even made geographical moves in order prosper and achieve their goals. It was also documented that during the war she was a messenger for her allies against the enemies reflecting that she was culturally influenced at an early age to fight for those that she trusted and believed in.Although there was opportunity to steal and pillage her and her, family and friends went so hungry at times that â€Å"they ate tulip bulbs in order to stay alive. † (Flonder, 1998) There are several theories in the study of psychology that suggest how a personality is formed and what creates it’s unique characteristics in which drive a person to act a particular way in certain environments and while interacting with others. In Audrey Hepburn’s case the Objective Relation Theory and the infamous Sigmund Freud theory of Psycho-dynamic best fit her characteristics and actions by what is recorded of her life history and personal quotes.Objective Relation Theorist focus on the ways in which people cope with their feelings (defenses) and adapt to reality while trying to fulfill their needs (ego-centric). (Kowalski & Weston, 2011) It also suggests that people whom develop their personality in this way by environment and life events have an extreme inability to trust relationships. It is a progressive movement toward a more mature relatedness to others. (Kowalski & Weston, 2011) The personality of Audrey Hepburn is reflected in this theory in several ways.Her two divorces might have stemmed from the desertion of her father or the result the enemies and horrors that she encountered during the war. The two divorces suggest signs of maladaptive interpersonal problems by having conflicts with others. The two divorces may also be the way that she coped with not having trust for the men in her life and a short lived childhood. She once mentioned that she had â€Å"very little youth, few friends in the usual teenage way and no security. Is it no wonder I became an interior sort of person? I think I was older in those days than I am now. (Flonder, 1998) As mentioned above the Objective Relation Theory also focuses on a person’s ego or how much one thinks of oneself. Audrey was a very giving person in the literal sense. She was said to be a fantastic mother of two boys and quoted â€Å"all that I ever really wanted to be was a mother†. (Flonder, 1998) As a way to pay it forward to those that helped feed her during the war she also gave tirelessly to child ren of other countries by becoming the Ambassador to the United Nations International Children’s Fund. Therefore, she could give to others effortlessly although she suffered from signs of ego-centrism and self- preoccupation.With the events of her past she yearned to be loved and even with great success by the worlds view as an Academy Award winner she continued to search for the truth behind true internal happiness. The Psycho-dynamic Theory concludes that people are motivated by wishes and fears which Audrey had many of and displayed openly that they both drove her in many ways. She actually changed her name to Audrey as to not face the name of her past as well as by wishing for a better life with her new identity. Audrey quoted â€Å"Edna had been through enough already. † (Flonder, 1998) This theory also places emphasis on how ne’s personality takes formation during early development and is highly affected by the role of their parents. (Burton & Davey, 2006) Audrey clearly had an early physical and loving attachment to her father to state that â€Å"she had no one to cuddle with† once he was gone. (Flonder, 1998) Without this early attachment achieved her recognition of autonomy and self conscious freedom would have been meaningless. (Kowalski & Weston 2011) At this early stage of her development with her father she was able to form such strong desires to love and care for her children beyond what her Mother could honestly provide.She also showed a strong desire to have close harmonious connections by being very socially active as well as caring for those in needs. As well, in her latter stages of life she did eventually fall in love and stay in a committed relationship up until her death in 1993. (Flonder, 1998) In all, the Psycho-dynamic Theory best describes the personality of Audrey Hepburn. Although she faced many challenges during her life in the face of adversity through the progression of her life she did overcome them i n healthy ways.And although the desertion of her father left her unable to trust and searching for love she was able to form some loving bonds with people throughout her life. To support this theory as well one of her most famous quotes is â€Å"people need to be loved, restored and redeemed. Never throw out anyone. † (Erwin & Diamond, 2006 ) Audrey Hepburn had a multifaceted personality due to the relationships that she had as child and established during adolescent but she stayed true to her morals and was striven for answers that would improve her as to overcome her past.She appeared to be kind and loving towards the people that meant the most to her in her life. Those that encounter her briefly also suggest that she was a â€Å"giving and elegant spirit† (Erwin & Diamond, 2006 ) simply working towards a better life for herself and mankind. References Kowalski, R. & Weston, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed. ) Hoboken, NJ: Whiley. 2004 Flonder, P. Biography. The Immorta l Audrey Hepburn Aug98, Vol. 2 Issue 8, p46. 8p. 19 Larsson, P. Counseling Psychology Review, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 2012 Erwin, E. , & Diamond, J. (2006). The Audrey Hepburn Treasures . New York, New York: Simon & Schuster, inc..

Free Essays on Chicken Or The Egg

Which came first, Chicken? Or Egg? The answer is that this is the wrong question. The trouble here is the word ‘First’s. A human life contains many firsts, so the word comes easily to our lips. For example, a creationist could ask how the metamorphosis of a butterfly occurred for the ‘First time’. French is called a Romance language because it is descended from Roman, or to be more specific, Classical Latin. Across the last 2,000 years, the language changed piece by piece, a word or emphasis at a time. Documents from many of the centuries between, are written in a language somewhere between the two, not quite Latin, yet not quite French. So who was the first person to speak French? I think its plain to see that this was a very gradual evolution of the language. There was not first French speaker. Was there a first chicken? Some say there was. But Darwin suggests that species evolve slowly, over time. So imagine a lizard, which laid a lizard egg. Millions of years later, its descendant was a chicken, which lays a chicken egg. But there was no moment when chicken-ness suddenly leapt into existence. Similarly, there was no first land animal, no first lung, and no first skeleton. Current scientific beliefs say that all of these came bit by bit. In short, if a species was created abruptly, then a chicken-and-egg question makes sense. But if that species evolved, then there was no first chicken, and there was no first egg, the only true first was the original single celled organism that was created by a spontaneous chemical reaction in the primordial soup that was early Earth, from which all life as we know it evolved.... Free Essays on Chicken Or The Egg Free Essays on Chicken Or The Egg Which came first, Chicken? Or Egg? The answer is that this is the wrong question. The trouble here is the word ‘First’s. A human life contains many firsts, so the word comes easily to our lips. For example, a creationist could ask how the metamorphosis of a butterfly occurred for the ‘First time’. French is called a Romance language because it is descended from Roman, or to be more specific, Classical Latin. Across the last 2,000 years, the language changed piece by piece, a word or emphasis at a time. Documents from many of the centuries between, are written in a language somewhere between the two, not quite Latin, yet not quite French. So who was the first person to speak French? I think its plain to see that this was a very gradual evolution of the language. There was not first French speaker. Was there a first chicken? Some say there was. But Darwin suggests that species evolve slowly, over time. So imagine a lizard, which laid a lizard egg. Millions of years later, its descendant was a chicken, which lays a chicken egg. But there was no moment when chicken-ness suddenly leapt into existence. Similarly, there was no first land animal, no first lung, and no first skeleton. Current scientific beliefs say that all of these came bit by bit. In short, if a species was created abruptly, then a chicken-and-egg question makes sense. But if that species evolved, then there was no first chicken, and there was no first egg, the only true first was the original single celled organism that was created by a spontaneous chemical reaction in the primordial soup that was early Earth, from which all life as we know it evolved....

What Makes a Marine Ecosystem

What Makes a Marine Ecosystem An ecosystem is the collection of living and non-living things in an area, and their relationship to each other. It is how animals, plants and the environment interact together and thrive. Studying ecosystems is known as ecology. A marine ecosystem is one that occurs in or near salt water and is the kind that is studied in marine biology. (Freshwater ecosystems, on the other hand, are comprised of freshwater environments such as those in rivers or lakes. Marine biologists study those types of ecosystems as well.) Because the ocean covers 71 percent of the Earth, marine ecosystems make up a large part of our planet. They vary, but all play a valuable role in the planets health, as well as the health of humans. About Marine Ecosystems Ecosystems can vary in size, but all have parts that interact with and are dependent upon each other. Upsetting one component of an ecosystem may affect other parts. If youve ever heard of the phrase ecosystem approach, it is a type of natural resource management involving making decisions regarding the whole ecosystem, rather than various parts. This philosophy realizes that everything in an ecosystem is interconnected. This is why environmentalists and marine biologists must consider entire ecosystems even though they may focus on one creature or plant in it. Everything is tied together. Protecting Marine Ecosystems Another vital reason to study ecosystems is to protect them. Humans can have significant negative impacts on our environment that can wind up destroying ecosystems and harming human health. The  HERMIONE project, a program that monitors ecosystems, notes that certain fishing practices can harm cold-water coral reefs, for example. That is a problem because the reefs support a variety of living systems including providing a home for young fish. The reefs could also be sources of potential medicines to fight cancer, which is another reason to protect them. Human impacts are ruining the reefs, which are a vital ecosystem for humans and the environment as a whole. Knowing how they function, and how to support them prior to and after components are destroyed, is imperative to assist these ecosystems. In seagrass meadows and kelp forests, for example, robust biological diversity is key to the ecosystems. In one experiment, scientists reduced the number of seaweed species. That caused the total algal biomass to decrease, which lowered the amount of food.  When scientists decreased the species that graze on microalgae that grew on seagrass, the species ate less from areas that had fewer microalgae. As a result of that, the seagrass in those areas grew slower. It affected the entire ecosystem. Experiments like this help us learn how reducing biodiversity can be extremely harmful to sensitive ecosystems. Types of Marine Ecosystems Sandy BeachesRocky ShoresSalt MarshesCoral ReefsMangrovesDeep SeaHydrothermal Vents

Supply Chain Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Supply Chain Management - Coursework Example This paper using qualitative research method analyses the effectiveness of supply chain management on the basis of the activities and capabilities that the organizations seek from their supply chain partners. The research basically supports the argument that the effective supply chain management is dependent upon the effective operational and relational competencies of the supply chain partners. However it is also advocated that collaborative supply chain management challenges the traditional supplier-customer arrangements and changes taking place in the respective organizations largely depend on the correlation of competency of the supply chain partners and the long term relationship within the supply chain. Recommendations for the future studies are also made. A supply chain consists of all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods and services from the raw material stage through to the end user as well as the associated information flows. Supply chain is made up of many interrelated organizations starting with raw material suppliers and including parts and components suppliers, subassembly suppliers, the product or service producer, the distribution channels, and ending with the end-use customer. 1.1 Supply Chain Management The focus of supply chain management is on managing the flow of goods and services and information through the supply chain in order to attain the level of synchronization that will make the supply chain more responsive to the customer needs and at the same time lowering the costs. Traditionally each segment of the supply chain was managed as a separate entity focused only on its goals. However in the present day competitive business environment the ability of a company to enhance its competitive strength is largely determined by the combined capabilities of all of its supply chain members. The