Different Types of Lying - 1731 Words

People lie a lot in their lives. Even though they know that it is morally and religiously incorrect, they do it all the time. Mothers lie to their children; children lie to their parents and students to their teachers. It is a huge part of people daily behavior. They do it for many reasons, like lying to gain certain things or lying to avoid responsibilities. For example, when a girl tells her friend she does not looks fat in her new dress but the truth she does, or when a wife tells her husband that she likes his new haircut, and the reality she does not. Also, people lie serious lies in more complicated situation; for example a witness lies about what he saw in the crime scene. Lying is usually telling a false statement with the intention that another person will believe what you have said is true (Mahon, 2008). However, we must know that all lies are false statements, but not all false statements are lies. Sometimes a person says something untrue, but he believes it is true according to his memory, in this case he is not lying but he gave a false statement. In another condition, saying false statements with additional conditions may not always be is telling a lie; for example making a false statement and adding some body language to make it clear that what you have said is not true. Like when I say I am from the Saudi royal family with a wink at the end indicates I am not serious. On the other hand, when I say I am from the Saudi royal family without any other additions,Show MoreRelatedThe Ways We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson1148 Words   |  5 PagesIn the essay The Ways We Lie, author Stephanie Ericsson writes in depth about the different types of lies used by most people everyday. While listing examples of them, Ericsson questions her own experiences with lying and whether or not it was appropriate. By using hypothetical situations, true accounts, and personal occurrences, she highlights the moral conflicts and consequences that are a result of harmless fibs or impactful deceptions. In an essay detailing the lies told to ourselves and othersRead MoreLying And Deception By William Shakespeare1510 Words   |  7 Pages Lying and deception have been present throughout all of human history. People lie about who they are, what they think, etc. Over the centuries the reasons for lying have stayed the same. When lying and deceiving people have always looked for some kind of reward, it can be money, fame or simply to avoid conflict. However, the methods we use to lie have changed with the creation of the internet. Even though, Shakespeare’s time period had very different views on lying that those today, his book, TheRead MoreThe Theory Of Lying As Being The Most Widely Accepted Definition1158 Words   |  5 PagesWebster’s Dictionary defines lying as â€Å"an assertion of something known or believed by the speaker to be untrue with the intent to deceive.† Although there are many definitions of what lying is they are often condemned wrong by many philosophers. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy des cribes one definition of lying as being the most widely accepted definition. â€Å"A lie is a statement made by one who does not believe it with the intention that someone else shall be led to believe it.† The reason thisRead MoreThe Ways We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson1146 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s American society, lying has become something that we are accustomed to using almost every day without even realizing it. In â€Å"The Ways We Lie†, Stephanie Ericsson, screenwriter, advertising copywriter, and writer, elaborates on the act of lying and how it is used by everyone on a daily basis. She comes up with a list of the common, different kinds of lies that we all have told. Furthermore, the text goes in depth about the significance of lying and how it is an essential part of every human’sRead MoreTypes of Liars767 Words   |  4 PagesTypes of Liars There is something that often troubles our society. It is worse than all kinds of cancers combined and as horrifying to see. It is hard to catch and is more common than the common cold. It is lying. Everyone at one point in their life has lied. Many lie to the most important people in their lives because they don’t want to create conflict between them, but it just ends up making a bigger mess than if they would have told the truth. Some lie to other people they hardly evenRead MoreThe Moral Code : Utilitarianism And Rule Utilitarianism994 Words   |  4 Pagesand affected by a person s upbringing, religion, and overall social interactions. When analyzing a person s ethical beliefs, we can see a combination of different ethical systems working in tandem to make up one complete ethical code. We can define this mix of different systems as a person s satisfactory moral code. Through learning different ethical systems, I have found that my own satisfactory moral code is lar gely comprised of utilitarian beliefs with the inclusion of radical virtue ethicsRead MoreDifferent Types of Lies Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesother words, lying is a purposeful misleading statement. This statement can be made verbally, through body language, or even implied through silence. Based on lying being well defined, some might say that lying is always wrong unless there is a good reason for it. In that case, I would argue that lying is not always wrong. There are two different types of lies. The first types of lies are called true falsehoods. These types of lies are always wrong. The only purpose for telling this type of lie isRead MoreLying Arguments Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesLying Arguments Socrates is a man of great controversy. He has been portrayed as many different personalities such as a sophist to a great philosopher to just a vocal old man. The true nature of Socrates is to be questioned. He spoke his thoughts on life and what his philosophy on life was. A couple arguments that he spoke about really stood out about lying. These arguments had brute force and were made very clear through his dialogue. According to his dialogue, he felt that there were twoRead MoreIs Lying Bad For Us?1195 Words   |  5 PagesLying today is quite a disregarded subject, causing its reputation enough to make people uneasy. Most are taught at a young age that lying is substandard, lousy, or even cheap, and that you should never use it to your benefit. Of course we don’t want to be a lousy person, but what about lying makes it so? Why is it considered so immoral and frowned upon by many social norms? Luckily for us there are two very appealing essays that help us crack these ba ffling questions. In these essays, they defineRead MoreFalse Belief Tasks Of Children1693 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief task, as an autistic child is, they are also unable to intend to deceive people. A study by Stouthamer-Loeber in 1991 also was also referenced in the paper. They found that when asked it was almost across the board that parents would place lying behavior at 4 years of age. According to Newton this provided â€Å"naturalistic evidence† of the change that occurs around 4 years of age when children develop the ability to comprehend false realities and thus are able to lie. However there was also

The Development Of The Basel 3 Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3144 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Basel 3 is refers to the new update of the Basel accords that is under development. Basel 3  is a comprehensive set of reform measures, developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. These measures aim to: improve the banking sectors ability to absorb shocks arising from financial and economic stress, whatever the source improve risk management and governance Strengthen banks transparency and disclosures. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Development Of The Basel 3 Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The reforms target: Bank-level, or micro prudential, regulation, which will help raise the resilience of individual banking institutions to periods of stress. Macro prudential,  system wide risks that can build up across the banking sector as well as the procyclical amplification of these risks over time. These two approaches to supervision are complementary as greater resilience at the individual bank level reduces the risk of system wide shocks. The Basel Committees oversight body the Group of Central Bank Governors and Heads of Supervision (GHOS) agreed on the broad framework of Basel 2I in September 2009and the Committee set out concrete proposals in December 2009. These consultative documents formed the basis of the Committees response to the financial crisis and are part of the global initiatives to strengthen the financial regulatory system that have been endorsed by the G20 Leaders. The GHOS subsequently agreed on key design elements of the reform pack age at its July 2010 meeting and on the calibration and transition to implement the measures at its September 2010 meeting. Basel 3 is part of the Committees continuous effort to enhance the banking regulatory framework.  It builds  on the International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards document (Basel 2). 1.2. DEVELOPMENT OF BASEL 3 ACCORD: 1.2.1. Summary of proposed changes in Basel 3: The consistency, transparency and the consistency of the capital is raised. The risk coverage of the framework is strengthened. The committee introduced the leverage ratio as a supplementary measure to the Basel 2 framework. The committee introduced a series of measures to promote to the buildup of the capital buffers. The committee is introducing the series of measures to the address procyclicality. Achieve the macro prudential goal of protecting the bank from the excess of the credit growth. Providing the stronger provisions. Th e committee is introducing a global liquidity standard for internationally active banks. 1.2.2. Basel 3 and Recent Efforts to Address Pro Cyclical Effects of Basel 2 In response to the recent Financial Crisis and to the realization that capital levels (which banks operated with) during the period of the Crisis were insufficient and also lacking in quality, the Basel Committee responded by raising the quality of capital as well as its level. Further consequences of the recent Basel reforms also include: A tightening of the definition of common equity Limitation of what qualifies as Tier 1 capital An introduction of a harmonized set of prudential filters The enhancement of transparency and market discipline through new disclosure requirements. The introduction of Basel 2 resulted in changes being made to the 1988 Basel Capital Accord to provide for a choice of three broad approaches to credit risk. This was introduced into Basel 2 in view of the realization th at the optimal balance may differ significantly across banks.The increased focus on risk (and particularly credit risk), resulted from growing realization of the importance of risk within the financial sector. The range of approaches to credit risk as introduced under Basel 2, and which also exists for market risk, consists of the standardized approach (which is the simplest of the three broad approaches), the Internal Ratings based (IRB) foundation approach and the IRB advanced approach. Under the standardized approach, regulatory capital requirements are more closely aligned and in harmony with the principal elements of banking risk owing to the introduction of wider differentiated risk weights and a broader recognition of techniques which are applied in the risks. The proposals defining the contents of the Basel 3 framework evolved during the crisis that started in 2007, and reflect the prudential regulatory lessons learned throughout the crisis. Based on these experien ces, including the success of various regulatory policies and tools used in mitigating and resolving the effects of the crisis on the banking system and the global financial system, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision outlined these new regulations. 1.3. BASEL COMMITTEE: The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, which sets rules that national banking regulators implement, announced a comprehensive reform package in September that raises capital requirements and, for the first time, sets global standards for overall borrowing, known as leverage, and liquidity. The Basel 3 rules are designed to make banks more resilient and prevent a repeat of the financial crisis, but several provisions combine to make trade finance, already a low-margin business, much less profitable. Portions of the leverage rule, new risk-weighting requirements and the rules for liquidity raise the costs of trade finance for banks. The combination could drive many smaller banks out of the market and prompt large banks to cut back their lending, bankers and policymakers say. Banking groups and policymakers are lobbying for changes to the proposals, as is Lars Thunell, head of the IFC, the World Banks private sector arm. They point out that outsourcing by companies in the developed world is a critical source of jobs and investment and trade finance is an essential part of the process. Mike Rees, chief executive of wholesale banking at Standard Chartered, the worlds second-biggest provider of trade finance after HSBC, says: If they want to promote economic growth, the Basel Committee should encourage trade finance, one of the few things that create jobs in a global economy. The Basel 3 reforms hit at trade finance in several ways. The rules sharply increase the risk-weighting of lending between financial firms an essential element of trade finance because it involves the importers bank lending money to the exporters bank, often through a letter of credit. The Basel 3 ru les risk making it uneconomic to provide transaction banking services, warns Brian Stevenson, head of transaction banking at RBS: Tougher operational risk capital and liquidity requirements could make the business of providing services to financial institutions inefficient if they went too far. Much of trade finance is also supported by export credit guarantees, which are essentially government credits and therefore in theory low-risk. But the new rules also tighten the definition of what counts as a government guarantee; some export credit agencies may not qualify. Simon Gleeson, partner at Clifford Chance, the law firm, says: An enormous number of letters of credit are guaranteed by a form of government support, which should mean they carry a zero per cent risk rating. But Basel 3 is much tighter about what can count as a government-backed credit and many export credit agencies have been privatized. Basel 3s new leverage ratio will also bring trouble for trade finance, wh en it takes effect in the latter part of this decade. The rule seeks to prevent banks from gaming the risk-weighting rules, by requiring banks to hold top quality core tier one capital equal to 3 per cent of their total assets, including those traditionally held off-balance sheet. The part of the liquidity proposals that would require banks to match long-term obligations with long-term funding and vice versa, could also penalize trade finance. Bankers say they understand why regulators are trying to crack down on dependence on short-term funding but they also say that it is unfair to lump trade finance which is well collateralized and not self-renewing with other short-term funding, such as working capital and liquidity guarantees. A transaction banking subgroup within the UK Bankers Association for Finance and Trade is lobbying the Basel Committee in an effort to persuade regulators to soften the rules. 1.4. Research objectives and questions: The research object ives of the study are: To focus on the liquidity risk from the wide range of risks available in Basel 3. To focus on the impacts of the Basel 3 proposals for Liquidity Risk.    Questions:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The purpose of the study was to discover the following: Does the liquidity risk break down the risk silos? Is the liquidity risk in the Basel 3 on the right track? Will the new rules in the liquidity risk will be helpful to improve the committees approach? Will the liquidity risk makes bank strong? Does the Basel committee understand the linkage between the liquidity risk and capital? Does the committee fail to understand the nature of liquidity risk? Is the Basel 3s approach to the liquidity risk missed the opportunity to break down the risk silos? 1.5. BASEL 3 IMPACT: The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel Committee) has undertaken a program of substantial revisions of its capi tal guidelines. In particular, the changes envisaged in the so called Basel 2.5 guidelines will result in increased capital requirements for market risk; in addition, the so-called Basel 3 guidelines set new minimum capital ratios, revise the definition of Tier 1 Capital, introduce Tier 1 common equity as a regulatory metric, and make substantial revisions to the computation of risk-weighted assets for credit exposures. Implementation of the new requirements under Basel 2.5 and Basel 3 is expected to take place over an extended transition period, starting at the end of 2012. There continues to be considerable uncertainty regarding the impact of the Basel Committees new guidelines. Although certain important aspects of Basel 3 have now been finalized, other matters remain under discussion; in addition, the federal banking regulatory agencies in the United States have not yet issued draft regulations by which they will implement either Basel 2.5 or Basel 3 for banks and bank holdin g companies. Accordingly, the final regulations to which Goldman Sachs will be subject may be substantially different from our current expectations. In order to assess the firms position under the Basel Committees new guidelines, we have adjusted our computation of Tier 1 common equity and risk-weighted assets as of June 2010 to reflect our good faith estimate of the impact of the methodologies set out in Basel 2.5 and Basel 3. In addition, we have adjusted the June 2010 computation to reflect assumed changes in shareholders equity and risk-weighted assets at year-end 2012. In particular, shareholders equity has been increased from June 2010 levels by an amount equal to analysts consensus earnings expectations for 2010 less actual June YTD earnings, plus earnings for 2011 and 2012, which are assumed to be equal to consensus earnings for 2010. Risk-weighted assets have been adjusted to reflect the contractual and expected run-off of positions in our mortgage derivative and credit correlation businesses, both of which will be significantly impacted by the introduction of Basel 2.5. No other items have been adjusted, and this calculation should not be taken as a projection of what our capital ratios, risk-weighted assets, earnings or other results will actually be at year-end 2012.  1.6. STUDY OF THE RISK MANAGEMENT: The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision expects risks such as the credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk etc to be recognized, addressed and managed by banking institutions in a prudent manner according to the fundamental characteristics and challenges of e-banking services. These characteristics include the unprecedented speed of change related to technological and customer service innovation, the ubiquitous and global nature of open electronic networks, the integration of e-banking applications with legacy computer systems and the increasing dependence of banks on third parties that provide the necessary information technology. While not creating inherently new risks, the Committee noted that these characteristics increased and modified Some of the traditional risks associated with banking activities, in particular strategic, operational, legal and reputational risks, thereby influencing the overall risk profile of banking.à ƒâ€š   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  In the following sections the liquidity risk is focused on risk management. LIQUIDTY RISK MANAGEMENT: The recent financial crisis involved a sharp decrease in market liquidity and growing distrust among market participants, resulting in serious (liquidity and solvency) problems for many banks. This led in turn  to reliance upon financial support from governments, often  under restrictive conditions or even nationalization. This lack of liquidity, the vast sums the central banks injected into markets and sovereigns provided for the support of tarnished institutes to alleviate the problems as well as the subsequent substantial impact on the real economy has brought  liquidity risk to the forefront of regulatory authorities priorities, and to the attention of the public in general. Dimensions of liquidity (risk) The term liquidity is used in the financial world in different contexts: liquidity as a measure of the salability of securities such as bonds or shares liquidity as a description of the financial solvency of individual institutions liquidity as a level of market activity liquidity as unhindered cash flows within an economy The primary objective of liquidity risk management remains the same: to ensure  an institutions ability to meet financial obligations as they fall due at all times for example, achievable by an adequate liquidity buffer consisting of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets. By its digital character (either a firm is able to meet financial obligations or it is out of business) liquidity risk takes on a unique position within the risk management; unlike other types of risk (market risk, credit risk, operational risk etc.) it cannot be covered entirely by regulatory capital requirements, but it has a significant emphasis on short term activities, requiring immediate but adequate reaction in stresse d situations.  Ãƒâ€š To successfully manage liquidity risk, one should consider all relevant factors: from the business structure which determines liquidity needs, the analysis of markets (market price, market liquidity and market depth), and finally the necessary level of funding diversification. This makes liquidity risk management a very complex and comprehensive topic. New regulatory requirements One consequence of the recent crisis is closer supervision and a tighter regulatory regime to be imposed upon the banks and financial markets by Government-sponsored regulatory authorities. Recent updates of the MaRisk (regulatory requirements in Germany, 08/2009) reveal the lessons learned through the financial crisis. The following innovations can be found: Specification of three types of stress scenarios (idiosyncratic, market-wide and combination of both) that have to be considered in the treatment of liquidity risk Updated requirements for the pro vision of liquidity reserves Separate analysis of liquidity per currency In general, the updated MaRisk requirements (regarding the coverage and the degree of specification) are significantly less stringent than those released by the UKs FSA, as described in the following section. In October 2009 the FSA (the UK regulatory authority) specified new regulatory requirements concerning liquidity risk management in the policy statement PS09/16 (Strengthening liquidity standards), thereby  finalizing a series of consultation papers (CP08/22, CP09/13 and CP09/14). The policy details new requirements such as the Individual Liquidity Adequacy Standards (ILAS) or the Liquidity Reporting. Crucial points are: enhanced system and control requirements for adequate liquidity risk management  Ãƒâ€š definition of principles of adequate liquidity and self-sufficiency multidimensional breakdown of contracts (e.g. currency, asset type or time buckets) s tress-test scenarios have to cover short-term and protracted stress scenarios (2 weeks / 3 months), institution-specific (idiosyncratic) and market-wide stress, as well as combinations of both all evaluated across 10 prescribed key risk drivers coherent interpretation of results and individual liquidity guidance (ILG) by the FSA new definition of liquid assets and risk-based buffer as well as the demand for a regular realization of a significant portion of the liquidity buffer New reporting regime: granular, frequent (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly) and partially automated the Enhanced Mismatch Report has to be submitted weekly (with the ability to report daily) in an automated process. With regard to systemic risks  these standards do not only apply to UK firms only, but also to non-UK firms with branches in the UK. In order to keep the regulatory requirements to a reasonable  level, modifications and simplification on an individual basis are provided . In particular, non-UK firms with branches in UK may apply for a whole-firm modification in the course of which the supervision is mainly left to the parent firm and only a significantly reduced amount of reports at low frequency (but for the whole firm) has to be submitted. Based on their Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision published in 09/2008 the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) issued a new consultation document International framework for liquidity risk measurement, standards and monitoring for comment in December 2009. Within this paper they propose amongst other things two new standards: Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR): ratio of the stock of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets  to the net cash outflows over a 30-day time period under an acute liquidity stress scenario (prescribed combination of idiosyncratic and market-wide shock). Net Stable Funding (NSF) ratio: ratio of the available amount of stable f unding  to the required amount of stable funding.  Ãƒâ€š The LCR is intended as a measure for the short-term (30 days) view in a stressed situation (prescribed by the supervisors), whereas the NSF ratio has a longer perspective (1 year) on the funding needs with respect to illiquid assets and securities held (regardless of accounting treatment). Furthermore, the paper recommends consistent monitoring tools; including contractual maturity mismatch, concentration of funding, available unencumbered assets, and market-related tools to monitor the liquidity risk profiles of supervised entities. Following the invitation of the BCBS to comment upon this document, the international discussion on sound liquidity risk management and corresponding supervision will continue, and further standards and requirements on national level will be developed. Liquidity risk management framework Prior to the crisis, the management of liquidity risks was not an issue because banks were  accustomed to a functioning interbank money market which usually was a reliable source for short-term funding. Nowadays sound liquidity risk management has gained significant importance and is emphatically required by public and regulators. All firms active in the financial  markets should be equipped with an adequate framework to identify measure, manage and monitor  their liquidity risks. The aims of a comprehensive liquidity risk management, based on a well-founded knowledge and understanding of the institutions liquidity profile, are included in (but not limited to) the following aspects: Securing the institutions ability to meet its financial obligations at all times, and  possessing a graduated and detailed plan for different stress situations at hand Creation of revenue possibilities by controlled maturity transformation and resulting in applicable steering recommendations Optimization of liquidity costs (e.g. the composit ion of the liquidity buffer) On  an organizational level, the liquidity risk management framework should be separated into a management and a controlling side. At the top level, the Board of Directors defines the risk appetite and sets the liquidity risk strategy which has to be approved, and will be continuously monitored, by the Supervisory Board. On  an operational level the Treasury department is responsible for meeting the short-term financial obligations of the firm. The risk controlling department assures that all Treasury operations stay within the liquidity risk strategy. Moreover, the risk controlling department defines modeling for liquidity risk analyses (e.g. for non-deterministic cash flows) and performs stress tests. Results emanating from  the risk controlling departments actions  on the liquidity situation of the bank may also serve as basis for regulatory reporting. We can see the liquidity risk in detail in the following chapters .

Individual’s behavior Free Essays

The individual’s behavior is shaped through his/her experiences in life. He may react on something based on the circumstances he/she is experiencing at the present. If an individual experiences pressure frequently and intensively, it may cause him to break down and react negatively. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual’s behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, other individuals who seldom experiences pressures may react differently in more composed behavior. This explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual; thus, individuals make their own behavior. Human behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions (Alland, 2003). Proponents assume that human behavior is guided by emergent norms. Individuals who come together have divergent views, some act spontaneously with each other, others express what they feel and still others are restrained in their behavior. These people interact with each other guided by symbols, and an emergent norm comes about (Loy, 2001). In the process of responding to each other, a revised definition of the situation comes about and then individuals act in terms this definition. So, in rallies, riots, mobs or demonstrations, there are some participants who are highly excited, expressing anger, hate, or fear, and there are some who are more contained in the expression of their emotions. Moreover, the norm may also define limits to their behavior. Reference: 1. Loy, James D. Understanding Behavior: What Primate Studies Tell Us about Human Behavior. Oxford University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2001. 2. Alland, Alexander Jr. Evolution and Human Behavior. Publisher: Natural History Press. Place of Publication: Garden City, NY. Publication Year: 2003. How to cite Individual’s behavior, Papers

Macroeconomics Gross Domestic Product

Questions: 1. Explain why real GDP might be an unreliable indicator of the standard of living. 2. Why does unemployment arise and what makes some unemployment unavoidable? 3. Consider the following statement: When the average level of prices of goods and services rises, inflation rises? Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 4. What is the aggregate demand (AD) curve and why does it slope downwards? Explain. 5. What is the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve and why is it vertical? Why does the short run aggregate supply curve slope upwards? Answers: 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the summation of all the services and goods produced within the domestic territory of a country calculated for a year. Mathematically, GDP is written as the sum of consumption (C), investment (I), government expenditure (G) and Net export (NX). The equation is: GDP = C+I+G+NX GDP can help us in interpreting the economic growth of the nation. But there are some serious drawbacks of this measurement (Blanchard and Leigh 2013). The reason can be summed up as follows: GDP misses out the depth and distribution of the economys output amongst its people. A country having very high level of GDP may also at the same time show high level of poverty as the amount of production is not distributed proportionately amongst its population. GDP misses out on the psychological aspect of the people. Some people may remain happy working for less hours and making them work for long hours to raise GDP may affect their productivity. The increase in GDP may also come at the cost of depletion of the environment. It can be said that if many industries are established in a country it will enhance the economic output and influence the GDP but it does all these at the cost of creating pollution. The basic elements of economic well-being are left out in the GDP. Peoples health condition, their level of education, their lifestyles is beyond the GDPs capacity of measurement. These factors are very important as it ensures that the country is walking in the path of development (Fleurbaey and Blanchet 2013). 2. The situation where a person who is willing to work does not get suitable jobs and thereby remains idle is known as unemployment. It occurs in the economy due to several reasons (Hobson 2013). They are: Lack of information: Often it has been observed that there are jobs in the market but still people remain unemployed. It is because people are not well informed about the existing jobs. Lack in the information system creates this fuss. Lack of resource utilization and inefficient allocation: There are several instances where the inefficiency in allocating the resource in the production process has led to unemployment. Even if they are properly allocated resources are not utilized up-to their full productive capacity due to inefficiency of the workers. Technological advancement: Modern technology requires less of manpower and produces high quality goods at a faster rate. Use of these technologies requires shirking off the excess manpower thereby creating unemployment. Full employment is a utopian situation. The reasons behind the existence of this unemployment in the economy are as follows (Gordon 2013): In any particular phrase of time the number of people searching for jobs fluctuates as some people gets jobs while others enters the market for job hunt. People may not get the job that they find suitable and hence continues with their job search and remain unemployed. Unemployment is inversely related to the phenomenon of inflation. Any economy that has high level of unemployment faces low level of inflation and vice-versa. Hence, it is feasible for an economy to have some amount of positive of natural rate of unemployment at low level of inflation called the NAIRU. 3. No, I do not agree with the quoted statement in the question. The basic notion of inflation states that it is the situation where there has been a constant rise in the overall level of prices. There are two types of inflation, namely the cost push inflation and the demand pull inflation (Hansen 2016). The former one occurs due to an increase in the prices of the components especially raw material required to produce the goods. Demand pull inflation occurs as a result of excess demand in the economy which cannot be met up by the supply of that period. The very definition itself suggests that for an inflation to occur there are two different criteria that needs to be matched. They are: Increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. The increase is measured through some consecutive period of time. This statement has been disagreed because there may be situations where the price in goods has suddenly increased due to some market distortions (Blanchflower et al. 2014). There may be some warfare in other country due to which the price of goods has increased. Also some natural calamities like drought or flood may have resulted in the rise of the average prices. At the same time this increase in the price did not persists for long. Then it cannot be termed as inflation. 4. The curve which shows us the total production of the economys goods and services is known as as aggregate demand curve. Just like the normal demand curve this Aggregate demand curve also slopes downwards (Caes et al. 2012). It is also known as domestic final demand curve. The diagram below highlights the same. Figure 1: AGGREGATE DEMAND CURVE Source: Created by the Author The downward slope of the curve indicates the fact that with the increase in the prices of the services and goods, there will be a decrease in the quantity demand of those goods. The reasons behind this aggregate demand curve to be downward sloping can be viewed from three perspectives. They are: Mundell-Fleming effect, Pigou effect and effect on the interest rate as suggested by Keynes (Gali 2013). According to the Mundell-Fleming a decrease in the price-level within the economy is associated with the decrease in the interest rate of the country. This leads to the depreciation of domestic currency and thereby increases the net export of the economy. Net export being a component of AD increases the same. The wealth theory of Pigou suggests that due to a fall in the price level people feel that they have become wealthier as the same amount of money now can fetch them a bigger basket of goods. Thus they demand more goods and thereby this inverse relationship occurs making the curve downward sloping. Keynes theory suggests that a decrease in price level is associated with excessive supply of loanable funds thereby reducing the interest rate and inducing currency depreciation. Again through the systematic method the net export increases increasing AD. Hence the inverse relationship results in the downward curvature. 5. The long run is a situation where none of the factors of production are assumed to be fixed. All of them are variable. The graphical representation of the relationship established between such long run prices and the level of output is known as Long Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS). This curve is vertical in nature. This is because in the long run the potential output of the economy is shown through this curve (Varian 2014). It is assumed that the economy is in its full employment stage and it cannot produce any more output by any other combination of the factors of production. The figure below shows the vertical LRAS. Figure 2: LRAS Source: Created by the Author The figure above denotes the generally accepted LRAS. But analysis from Keynesian and Classical viewpoint fetches a different scenario. Under them the LRAS looks like the following: Figure 3: LRAS II Source: Created by the Author The SRAS curve is upward sloping because in the short run all the factors that are needed for production are not variable (Canto. Joines and Laffer 2014). The producers have a scope to increase their production with the increase in the price level as that increases their level of profit. The theory of Sticky-price and Sticky wages model can help in the understanding of this scenario. References: Blanchard, O.J. and Leigh, D., 2013. Growth forecast errors and fiscal multipliers.The American Economic Review,103(3), pp.117-120. Blanchflower, D.G., Bell, D.N., Montagnoli, A. and Moro, M., 2014. The Happiness Trade?Off between Unemployment and Inflation.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,46(S2), pp.117-141. Canto, V.A., Joines, D.H. and Laffer, A.B., 2014.Foundations of supply-side economics: Theory and evidence. Academic Press. Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. and Oster, S.M., 2012.Principles of economics. Prentice Hall,. Fleurbaey, M. and Blanchet, D., 2013.Beyond GDP: Measuring welfare and assessing sustainability. Oxford University Press. Gal, J., 2013. Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.973-1003. Gordon, R.J., 2013.The Phillips curve is alive and well: Inflation and the NAIRU during the slow recovery(No. w19390). National Bureau of Economic Research. Hansen, B., 2016.A Study in the Theory of Inflation. Routledge. 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